Psychiatry in America vs. Portugal: Understanding the Differences
Discover how psychiatric approaches differ between the United States and Portugal, from diagnosis and treatment to long-term patient care.
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Endocrinology is the medical specialty that focuses on the endocrine system, a complex network of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones act as chemical messengers, influencing a wide range of bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and even mood.
Endocrinology is concerned with maintaining hormonal balance and treating diseases that occur when this balance is disrupted. Hormones are secreted by various glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. This medical specialty also deals with disorders related to cholesterol and triglycerides.
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Growth disorders
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Weight disorders
Andropause
Menstrual disorders
Puberty disorders
Adrenal gland diseases
Pituitary gland diseases
Excessive hair growth
Osteoporosis
Hormone replacement therapy for menopause
Cholesterol and triglycerides
INFORMATION GATHERING: During the first consultation, the endocrinologist asks the patient about their symptoms: unexplained weight loss or gain, fatigue, pain, mood changes… It is recommended to bring any previous test results (blood tests, imaging exams…) and medical reports to avoid unnecessary repetition of tests and facilitate diagnosis. If necessary, the endocrinologist may request additional tests, such as specific blood analyses, imaging, or biopsies. The doctor may also conduct a physical examination, including heart auscultation and thyroid palpation.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: The endocrinologist performs a physical examination, which may include listening to the heart and palpating the thyroid.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: The endocrinologist shares their diagnosis with the patient. They may prescribe treatment or request further tests (X-rays, blood analyses), and they may also refer the patient to another specialist or therapist. A follow-up appointment is often scheduled.
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